Liquid lime sulfur is generally more effective than elemental sulfur, but is a caustic material that must be used with caution. In more southern areas of the region, sulfur is also relatively ineffective for controlling flyspeck, bitter rot, black rot and white rot on apples during July and August, but sulfur may provide adequate suppression of these diseases in more northern areas. Sulfur is not effective for controlling rust diseases on apples. Thus, coverage must be renewed much more frequently than is required with conventional fungicides with better rain resistance. Elemental sulfur (e.g., Microthiol Disperss) is effective for controlling some fruit diseases, but it must be applied prior to infection. Sulfur materials include elemental sulfur and liquid lime sulfur (calcium polysufide). The following information is based on observations by researchers and Extension specialists in Vermont and New York. Information from this and other research will be incorporated into future extension publications. Research is continuing in New England to examine the challenges and opportunities of organic apple production. Ideally, organic fruit production involves a whole systems approach not just a substitution of organically-acceptable pesticides for non organically-acceptable ones. While the organically accepted fungicides and insecticides individually do not offer the same degree of efficacy or longevity as their conventional counterparts, when used in concert with each other along with conservation of biological control agents and cultural practices to reduce inocula, it is possible to produce a high percentage of fruit free of insect damage and disease symptoms within organic certification restriction on allowable materials (Berkett et.
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